Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Website. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. What Is a Primary Source? [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Copyright statement. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Encyclopedia.com The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. In . The Acropolis was then besieged. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. Church and W. J. Brodribb. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori: chi His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Primary Source 10. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo What is a Primary Source? - Library Research Guide for the History of [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) What Is a Primary Source? - Definition & Examples - Study.com Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. [40], In 102BC, the invaders returned and moved to force the Alps. Primary Source Terms:. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Find these with these special Subject terms. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Historical documents : how to read them. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Sallust - Spartacus Educational In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) The Steamboat Adventure. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Possibly to protect himself from future political retribution, Sulla had the sons and grandsons of the proscribed banned from running for political office, a restriction not removed for over 30 years. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Guide. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings . Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. He was, however, defeated. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. N.S. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. Published by at 29, 2022. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Hanover Historical Texts Collection - History Department The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Constitutional reforms of Sulla - Wikipedia This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. was the first man to use the army to establish a personal autocracy at Rome.. Sulla first came into prominence when he served as quaestor (107-106 B.C.) Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. [citation needed]. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. Updated on October 07, 2019. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC.
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