It will be pretty hard to identify someone if everyone had the same caste. This page was last changed on 2 September 2022, at 05:52. [5]Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname to Rana (meaning: King) from Kunwar (meaning: Prince). We welcome. It describes the folk culture of any caste and particular tribes. Despite the forceful integration by the state into the pan-Hindu social structure, the traditionally non-Hindu groups and tribes do not necessarily adhere to the customs and practices of the caste system. The National Report says, "Over the last 15-20 years, three groups, namely Sudi, Kalwar and Teli have socially upgraded their status from the water unacceptable to the water acceptable community within the Tarai origin Hindu caste groups."[14][15]. There are many rites of passage for children, such as the first rice feeding and the first haircut. These values were seen as a potent instrument of Rana political repression. The Mahabharat is one of the two major Blue is the color of all-inclusiveness. The Newar have a wide range of occupations. [1] In Nepal's hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41% compared to 31% Brahmin and 27% other castes. Sanskrit verse from Geeta explains the basis of ethics Kshetris have derived from: . In terms of ethnicity/caste, 48.4% were Chhetri, 11.5% Kami, 11.4% Hill Brahmin, 7.3% Damai/Dholi, . Recommended Links:94 Intriguing Newari Surnames and Caste Based on their Traditional Occupation21 Bold Nepali Names as Surnames100 Popular Nepali Brahmin Surnames Or Last Names, By RegionThe fear of Inter-Caste Marriage in Nepal 5 reasons why it makes sense and 5 reasons why it does not! February 7, 2022. Surnames like Shahi, Chand, Hamal, Sen, Sihan etc. The ancient history of the Thakurs is traced back to their ancestral and tribal sources. A priest from the boys family consults the girls family to establish a favorable date for the ceremony based on the lunar calendar. [1], The Government of Nepal legally abolished the caste-system and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "untouchability" (the ostracism of a specific caste) - in 1963. In 1963, Legal Code was replaced by New 1964 Legal Code. [10][11] Almost all Chhetris are Hindu. In urban areas, both castes have the privilege to serve government, political and financial industries. On the tenth day of Dashain there is a ritual in which every Hindu devotee expresses his respect for the elderly in his family and receives from them in response a colorful tikka on his forehead as a sign of blessing. Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour. [8] This restructuring was a result of over a millennia of newer Aryan immigrants from the plains since the time of the Lichchavis. Shukra Raj Shastri (1894-1941), Freedom Fighter, Martyr. Worship to these deities were necessary before wars. The Rautes have always referred to themselves as the Forest Thakuri. They speak Nepali, which is the country's official language. enumerators interviewed 1072 adults from 14 districts of Nepal in March and April of . The second is karma, or the law of cause and effect it means that the current state of affairs exists as a result of behaviors in the past and in previous lives. A surname is the family name passed down from generation to generation. Sage Atreya made significant accomplishments as a scholar in Ayurveda. People Group Location: Omid. (Gharti Chhetri), Basnyat/Basnet, Bham, Majhi, Mudula, Bhandari, Bista/Bisht, Budha, Budhathoki, Gaura bagale, Ghatala, Heita, Heta, Hetal, Chauhan, Thakulla, Thagunna, Chhetri, Dhami, D.C(Dangi Chhetri), Deoja, Kottari, Godar, Kalikote, Karki, Katawal, Khadga, Khadka, Kharka, Khati, Khati Khadka, Khadgaha, khaptari, berma, Kadayat, Kathayat, Khadka, Khatri/Khatri Chhetri(K.C. Iijima, Shigeru. 94 Intriguing Newari Surnames and Caste Based on their Traditional Occupation, 100 Popular Nepali Brahmin Surnames Or Last Names, By Region. There are many different origins of . They are recognized for their bravery and administrative skills. Working-class persons in urban areas who must make a living by selling their labour power. [3] On 28 May 2008, it was declared a republic,[4] ending the period of the Hindu Kingdom. If you want to get more content related to this tell us in the comment section below. What caste is Shahi in Nepal? People from Vishwamitra/ Kaushika gotra use this word as a surname too. Most surnames in Atri Gotra includes Arjel/ Arjyal, Bhatta, Chapagain, Khatiwoda, Ojha, Wosti, Gotama, Bam (Rakse Thakuri), Mishra, Adhikari. For now lets just take a look at the castes and their sub-castes (surnames) in hopes that someday, we will all be one single flower with many variants. Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy after Bahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population. Please. [13], The social structure of the caste-origin Madhesi Hindu groups is complex, reflecting four varna groups with distinct hierarchical structure within them. Forty-nine sub gotras originated from the eight main gotras. Breast-feeding may continue until a child is three years old. Similarly, serious limitations and oversights of this code include the complete exclusion of the large middle-ranking Terai groups. Sunil's father KB Chhetri officer retired from the EME Corps of the Indian Army. Their domestic and religious practices are also patterned after the higher Hindu castes of India. It should be noted here that the Bahun-Chhetri who belong to Caucasian race have been the dominant ruling caste group in Nepal for the last two and half centuries (Bhattachan, Hemchuri, . Arjal. Many Kshetris triennially celebrate clanwise Masto deity worship called Dewali Puja. This custom was traditionally only prevalent in the three Indo Aryan societies of the Khas, Madhesi, and Newars. Friday, March 3 2023 . are found . A displayed zero can mean true zero, a very small rounded number or sometimes unknown. Classical dance, which happened in Nepal, is completely based on ancient culture and is founded for a . Ahntastic Adventures in Silicon Valley It is a common belief that from Rishis who were the children of Brahma, eight gotras emerged. Nepal: Growth of a Nation. The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD. Agirl during the first menstruation is transferred to another house, where she is hidden by the eyes of men from her family and from sunlight. Kshetri do not consume pork like Rajputs which is a basis of cultural difference. Acharya > Bahun > Kaudinya (Purbiya) 2. Thapa is surname belonging to both Kshetri/Chhetri as well as Magar caste of different ethno-linguistic origin. Also, girls go through puberty rites and boys go through initiations known as "sacred thread ceremonies." Offerings are made to these spirits in order to appease them. The surnames are Pade, Ghimire, Bogati, Budhathoki, Gartaula, Badal, Tiwari. marrying others' wife, is not allowed. Chhetri. See here the total Nepali Thar haru. Chhetri (Kshetri, Kshettri, Kshetry or Chhettri), (Nepali: pronounced [tsetri]; IAST: Ketr) historically called Kshettriya or Kshetriya or Khas are Nepali speakers of Khas community, some of whom trace their origin to migration from medieval India. Now knowing where you belong is not only important for the sake of your identity but also for the sake of preserving your cultural heritage as well. The third term is moksha, signifying liberation from the suffering circle of birth and death. The costumes of the community become costumes of folk dancers and folk dance has been practiced in our . Kashyap gotra, kaushik gotra, bhardwaj gotra, kaundinya gotra and more. New believers are considered off limits - the caste you do not mix with. They also believe in ghosts and demons that haunt the crossroads and rivers. They are categorized by family deity and single gotra. Gandhi arrived in Durban, Natal (now kwaZulu-Natal) Blue is the color of all-inclusiveness. "Chapter 3. The mother and newborn baby are considered to be unclean until the eleventh day of the childs life. The surname Khatri Chhetri in actual is the misinterpretation of the original name Katyuris Kshatriyas, which eventually changed a long time back . Here's an article on gotra list with surnames in Nepal. This form of Masto worship among the Khasas is apparently not related to any Vedic scriptures and tradition of the Gangetic plains of India, and seems more closer to pre-Buddhist Shamanistic Bon practice of Tibet. Nepal's caste system was and continues to be quite complex. 19.9% of the total district population). Agastya or Agasti is one of the Sapta Rishis in Vedic texts. Caste has been the central feature in Nepal to . Caste is broader term used to represent certain group of people like - poudel, basnet, neupane, khadka, shrestha etc. In Nepal, people of different castes wear different sorts of jewellery and dresses of Nepal which are unique to themselves and differ from the other castes to distinguish themselves. In rare instances a representative photo may be used. Kshetri is an endogamous unit. [16] His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal. The restructuring also yielded power to newly formed Malla aristocracy of the Chathariya Shrestha who formed the new powerful aristocratic caste of the Malla kingdom. After finishing five months girls or seven boys it eats the first rice meal called pasni. Kshetris are the second largest Hindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the 2011 Nepal census. 691. They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa, Kunwar and Bista. Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal. Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations. This page article shows the composition of each proposed federal state in terms of ethnic groups in Nepal, based on 2011 census data. In 1854, early in the period of Rana rule, a National Legal Code (Muluki Ain) was proclaimed that laid out detailed codes for inter-caste behavior and specified punishments for their infringement.[11]. Brahmarshi Atri was one of the Sapta Rishis- the luminous sages in Hindu culture). Table of population composition by caste/ethnic groups, 2001 AD. Apart from perceived susceptibility, the . Then there are prayers for harvest and prosperity for a given year. Danmeeshwarbhavashcha Kshatram Karma Swabhvajam. Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations. He cursed Yama with mortality. Since the promulgation of the Muluki Ain (Legal Code) in 1854, the caste categorization in Nepal is taken as the primary organizing principle and the major determinant of social identity. Sometimes the paths meet together near a large tree that is used as a meeting place for the villagers, as well as a resting place for travelers. The maternal clan marriage prohibition also include non marriage prohibition with the Bahun counterpart of that clan. In March, the Holi festival takes place, differently Phagu the name comes from the Nepali name of the month Phagun in which people sing, dance and throw each other colorful powder and pour water. [23] In terms of education, 88.0% of Khas Brahmins & Chhetris, and Newars have access to school, 12.0% have never been to school. Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal. It is believed that in the twelfth century, during the Islamic invasion in India, Brahmins Brahmans emigrated to the western hills of Nepal. The caste system conjoints a structural class divide which persists, in which lower castes/ethnicities are generally socio-economically are not equal like those of higher castes/ethnicities. And in Nepal, caste wise there are three caste having surname Bhandari. In 2001 the CBS recorded 43 caste-origin Hindu groups in the Madhesh. The social structure of caste-origin Hill Hindu or Khas groups is simple compared to the other two societies, reflecting only three groups in hierarchy, with the distinct absence of the Vaishya and Shudra varnas. It comprises 126 types of castes and small types of ethnic groups. The source of Brahmin and Chhetrich income living in villages is cattle breeding and field cultivation. The Nepalese Chhetri are the major ethnic group in Nepal. Ask God to bless worship and intercession by Christians from other countries who come to prayer-walk in Nepal. [24], According to Professor Madhusudan Subedi, economic and political advancements have pushed the caste system to break its stagnancy and status quo. Baptism is considered the ultimate proof of conversion, and the person performing the baptism can face up to a six-year prison term. Nepal's "unifier," Prithvi Narayan Shah, once called Nepal "a garden of four varnas (castes) and 36 sub-castes . Another sage as per Hindu sacred texts is Maudagalya. A lot of youths do not care about things such as caste. The villages consist of loosely grouped homes surrounded by farm land. Gotra came into existence from the great Sapta Rishi and their offsprings. Brahman and Chhetri are high Hindu Nepalese castes. [6] The bulk of prime ministers of Nepal before the democratization of Nepal belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy. It was rooted in traditional Hindu Law and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal. Today, they are proportionately distributed in almost all the parts of Nepal. Then the mans special relationship with his ideals is raised, a special place in this mandala also has three species of animals associated with man a cow, a dog and a crow. There are a few things that are a trade secret of your castes. Garga is another excellent sage in Hindu mythology. In Nepal, the Brahmin caste is traditionally considered to be one of the four main castes, along with Chhetri, Vaishya, and Sudra. Hindu people who have Kaundinya gotra have the surnames- Trital, Thapa, Satyal, Parajuli, Paneru, Pathak, Marashini, Khadka, Gaagle, Bhandari, Baskota, Acharya, Neupane, Paneru, Pakurel, Sapkota, Kharel. On 5 September 2019, Chhetri scored the only goal for India in a 2-1 defeat against Oman in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers to take his tally to 72 international goals, [13] thus becoming the fifth-highest international goalscorer from Asia of all time. Bratabandha Ceremony in Nepal What is it and How it Gunyo Cholo in Nepal Dress / Ceremony / Age, ()- Pachbhaiya (Maharashtra), ()- Patil (Maharashtra), () Bhandari (Thansinghe), ()- Bhandari (Suntakhane), ()- Rajopadhyaya (Suvedi), ()- Rajopadhyaya (Risala), ()- Rajopadhyaya (Rimal), () Rajopadhyay (Acharya), () Khoptari (Budhathoki), () Ghimire (Chitikhole), (/) Thapa (Bhandari/Bhandare), // Bharadwaj / Atri / Atreya, // Shandilya / Bharadwaja / Kaushik, // Bharadwaj/Atri/Atreya, // Kashyap/Gautam/Bhardwaj, / () Pokhrel/Pokharel (Dangali), (/) Bishta (Kharkhole/Ghyara), () Budhathoki (Shogari), () Budhathoki (Khaptari), () Bhandari (Thansinge), () Bhandari (Suntakhane), () Mahataro (Chhetriya), () Mahatara (Chhetriya), / () Chanyo/Chancho (Thakuri), / () Chan/Chand (Kama Unipyunani), ( ) Thakuri (Syangajali Khamdi), /( ) Thakunna/Thaguna (Sinha Thakuri), ( ) Bama (Rakse Thakuri), ( ) Bama (Chatyala Thakuri), ( ) Malla (Samala Thakuri), ( ) Malla (Parvate Thakuri), ( ) Malla (Doteli Thakuri), ( ) Malla (Achami Thakuri), / () Rana/Ranaji (Kunwar), ( ) Som Vanshi (Achhami Atrithakuri), ( ) Shah (Raskoti Thakuri), ( ) Shah (Meghali Thakuri), ( ) Shah (Kaskeli Khand), ( ) Shah (Kalyal Thakuri). Madhusudan Subedi. Joshua Project makes every effort to ensure that the subject in an image is in fact from the specific people group. The Nepalese caste system was the traditional system of social stratification of Nepal. Wet rice is grown on terraced fields, divided into small plots inherited by generations. Series of Aryan migration to Kathmandu led to increased population and formation of a complex urban and caste-based society. These various cultural groups belong to four distinct language groups: Maithili, Bajika, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi. Angira was a Vedic rishi known as the teacher of divine knowledge. Not all Khas people have accepted this status, the remaining group of Matvali Chhetris, that is, those who drink liquor and are not the heirs of the sacred legacy. The social structure of caste-origin Hill Hindu or Khas groups is simple compared to the other two societies, reflecting only three groups in hierarchy, with the distinct absence of the Vaishya and Shudra varnas. I argue . The Nepalese have many racial, cultural, and linguistic similarities to the people of northern India. [20], Participation of Khas-Brahmins in the civil service is 41.3% in spite of its population size of 12.2%. Today, some of the Newar brahmin castes like Jha, Mishra, and Bhatta are believed to be originated from Maithili. In front of the house and sometimes on the floor of the room inside the house wonderful colorful pictures are created with the help of colorful sand or dyed rice flour, colored beans and flower petals as an invitation to the holy deities to the house. They speak Newahi, a Tibeto-Burman language that has borrowed many words from Sanskrit, Maithili, and . Dhananjaya gotra came from a Hindu Rishi Dhananjaya. Furthermore, many of us have little knowledge about the category of caste we fall into. So, to make this matter convenient, here we have come up with the lists of castes and their respective sub-castes which will make you crystal clear about the castes-related facts. Pokhara has become a cultural confluence of more than 80 different ethnic and caste groups ( Adhikari, 2000 ). The clothes are used according to their geographical belt in Nepal. In Nepal, high castes dominate 91.2% among the prominent position in politics and bureaucracy. Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. Brahmins and Chhetri are often landowners. Dhimal Caste is an old tribal Bhumiputra who has been living in Morang, Sunsari and Jhapa in the present Terai region of Eastern Nepal since time immemorial with very close ties with land, water and forest. [4] The 5 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats). - Few evangelicals and few who identify as Christians. If a Brahmin marry Baishya(Mongoloids, Chettri, Newars etc) then the couple automatically considered . Despite historical persecution, exclusion and cultural encroachment, the indigenous Dhimals still live in 97 Dhimal villages . ethnic identity, or the caste system in Nepal. Patan Academy of Health Sciences. Objects owned by the deceased are donated to the priest who led the ceremony. Magar Thapa are member of Tibeto-Burmese ethno-linguistic society whose language, culture and background is Tibeto-Burmese. Chhetri was a caste of administrators, governor and military elites in the medieval Khas Kingdom and Gorkha Kingdom (later unified Kingdom of Nepal ). Reply. Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste. Their moral values and social and political strength continue to play a commanding part in contemporary Nepalese life. Brahmin/Bahun: Adhikari. 48.61% of the total population speak the language as a mother tongue. 19.9% of the total district population). Most houses have porches and courtyards where people socialize and do crafts such as weaving. Surnames under this gotra are Dumadi, Rai, Nirbansi, Rayal, Alina, Bhatta. After the Rana regime, caste rules relating to food, drink and intercaste marriage were openly louted but the Muluki Ain had not been abrogated. Few Kshetri clans give male buffalo sacrifices on Maha Ashtami day. Their domestic and religious practices are also patterned after the higher Hindu castes of India. Then many sacrificial rituals are performed, animal sacrifices are also made, people feast and visit their close and distant relatives. Only men are made as priests. However, this has not happened yet but we are hopeful. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 1920 January 2005. Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their Occupational caste. While this may sound offensive, it doesnt have to be. The Achut perform the most polluted tasks, such as cleaning bathrooms. After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military. Nepal Profile. They have been working in different fields. It identifies people from a particular group, and it is a broader term which represents themfor example- Shrestha, Basnet, Luitel, Soni and so on. Chhetri is the largest caste/ethnic groups having 16.6% (4,398,053) of the total population followed by Brahman-Hill (12.2% ; 3,226,903).". How many caste are there in Nepal? If these major three communities (upper-caste Khas (Bahun & Chhetri) and upper-caste Newars (Shresthas) or the 'BCN' combine their shares in the Government of Nepal, civil service employment is 89.2% in 1991. Many Chhetrich serve in the Nepalese army or in the Gorkh brigades of the Indian or British army. [31] There are no quotas for the Khas community who fall under Bahun-Chhetri-thakuri hierarchy. For now let's just take a look at the castes and their sub-castes (surnames) in hopes that someday, we will all be one single flower with many variants. Goats, sheep and all variations and forms of them, are fully allowed. The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families. History JethaBuda Jaya Baniya JethaBuda Jaya Baniyawas a great warrior who played . The villages are generally situated near rivers or springs, and the homes are connected by footpaths. According to popular belief and various historical sources Sthiti Malla first codified the Newar caste system in the Nepal Arthasastra in the 14 th century. In terms of earning/income generation, Newars have the highest per capita income of Rs. The bottom portions of the houses are painted with red clay, and the top halves are whitewashed. Chhetri is the largest caste/ethnic groups having 16.6% (4,398,053) of the total population followed by Brahman-Hill (12.2%; 3,226,903), Magar (7.1% ; 1,887,733), . Nepal is a landlocked, mountainous country located between India and Tibet. They have become major decision makers in the bureaucracy of Nepal has become crystal clear. Answer (1 of 5): No surnames are pure Brahmins since they can easily get converted to other casts if they marry other than Brahmins as per Nepali culture or we might say as per Brahmins culture. It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the Khas rulers. Sometimes she also decides to fight for a higher position herself. Other data may have varying ages. The most disadvantaged and underprivileged caste (Dalit) of Nepal has benefitted the least from maternal health service improvements in the recent years. It is believed that in the twelfth century, during the Islamic invasion in India, Brahmins - Brahmans - emigrated to the western hills of Nepal. Rana Jang Pande, the leader of Pande faction, was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1841 A.D.[25] which might have caused large Pande officers at 1841. When this happens people will know how to perform each and every ritual of Nepal, regardless of the Castes. The legal recognition to caste and all the discriminatory laws made on the grounds of caste were ceased. There are also a number of larger towns where the important temples or monasteries are located. Adhikari, Aidi, Ayer, Bagale, Bogati, Baruwal, Bohara, Balair, Bakheti, Batala, Balayer, Baniya, G.C. . Transliteration: Shauryam Tejo Dhritirdakshyam Yuddhe Chapyapalayanam. Certain outside analysts have suggested that "seeking a balance in approach requires addressing both specific indigenous historical injustices while creating a common citizenship for all marginalised citizens regardless of identity, which remains a particularly challenging issue for Nepal". Or Hamal and Chhatyal are one and the same.All of these surnames are very similar to the surnames of the present day Thakuri. Marriage among Sagotri people remains unacceptable to date. The process of overthrowing the rule of Ministers of Rana and subsequent political activities aimed at democratic or socialist reform was also carried out by members of the Brahman and Chhetrich castes. How Do Different People Assess Social Change In Nepal? Among them, the district with the largest Chhetri population is Kathmandu district with 347,754 (i.e. Himalayan Journal of Sociology and Anthropology. Caste System: Theories and Practices in Nepal. Reply. We recommend against using %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical to calculate absolute numbers. Kshetri has hundreds of clans. When we look back to history, caste divides people into social groups based on their wealth, occupation, rank and race. They do not marry with the members of their whole maternal clan and members of their parents' maternal families as per popular quote. Introduction / History. [17] Abhiman Singh Basnyat of Basnyat dynasty and Damodar Pande of Pande dynasty were both members of Chhetri caste. A young couple usually lives with the grooms family together with his parents, brothers and their wives and unmarried sisters. The Atri gotra came from Anasuya Devi and Brahmarshi Atri. Their simple, primitively decorated houses are an expression of the lack of artistic inspiration, although it is common knowledge that Brahmins like to dance and they know how. [23] These number varied after the democratization of Nepal. Chicken, duck and goose are debatable and allowance is regionally dependent. Different surnames are Lohani, Dudh Pokharel, Panthi, Panta, Niraula, Wagle, Pandey, Subedi, Thapaliya, Jamarkattel, Shiwakoti. . Gurung, H. (2005). They also consult the astrologer to be sure that the couple made a good choice. . Essentially, the people of the priestly caste do not eat meat, but this rule is not usually used in Nepal. On-the-ground reality may vary from what is presented here. They generally worship their clan deity (Kul Devta), friendly deity (Ishta Devta) and Khas Masto deities. Acharya > Newar-Brahman > Rajopadhyaya Chhetri and Newar (BCN) clearly suggests a need for empirical research (Das and Hatlebakk, 2010). In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa. Folk dance makes the dancers move his/her body as per his/her wish. His tally of 84 puts him as the fifth-highest goalscorer jointly with Ferenc Pusks in the . As the Shah rulers conquered more territories and people, the concept of caste hierarchy more firmly applied as an organizing principle to consolidate diverse people under their authority. Contents1 Which caste is royal in [] - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. The term "gotra" refers to a lineage or clan, and Brahmins are traditionally divided into a number of gotras, each of which is associated with a particular Hindu ancestor. In the Dewali Puja, Kshetris of the same clan give male goat sacrifices at a particular place. Nepalese girls were traditionally married before they reached the age of ten. Moreover, there are concerns about Sagotri marriage practice not just culturally/ morally but from a scientific point of view as well. With the exception of what is passed on to daughters in the dowry, all property, especially landed property, is taken over by sons. Most notable contradiction is the inclusion of previously non-Hindu tribes "Adivasi Janajati" groups, as well as non-Nepalis including Muslims and Europeans into the hierarchical fold. They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom. Living in rural areas, Brahmans and Chhetri usually support Newar shopkeepers in their commercial activities. (Census, 2001), In recent times, following the overthrow of the Nepali monarchy and move towards a federal republic, ethnicity and caste have taken center stage the indigenous peoples (Adivasi Janajati) who make up a third of the country having been guaranteed rights that have not yet been fulfilled.
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